During the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, a series of groundbreaking inventions reshaped society, science, and industry. The Scientific Revolution began with the printing press, which spread new ideas rapidly, and was followed by tools like the telescope and microscope that expanded human perception of the universe and microscopic life. Instruments such as the barometer and air pump allowed for precise study of nature, while the pendulum clock improved timekeeping essential for experiments and navigation. Calculus emerged as a powerful tool to describe motion and change. As the Industrial Revolution took hold, machines like the Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, and Power Loom transformed textile production, while James Watt’s steam engine powered factories, ships, and trains. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized agriculture, and the steam locomotive redefined travel and trade. The invention of the electric battery introduced a new era of energy, while the telegraph enabled instant communication across vast distances. Photography began to capture the world visually, and the sewing machine made mass clothing production possible. These inventions collectively laid the foundation for the modern industrial and technological world.